CONTOH MAKALAH BHS INGGRIS / SHORT PAPER - STRUCTURE (MODAL)

Generally, Short paper in English is almost similar with in Indonesia (Makalah), Let's check it !

I. COVER-CHAPTER

SHORT PAPER

MODAL AND RELATED VERBS AND EXPRESSION

Is Made To fulfil Structure 2 Lesson Task

III. CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

1.      The Background of problem

The modal auxiliaries in English are : can, could had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would.

Modal auxiliaries generally express a speaker’s attitudes of “moods”. For example, modal can express that a speaker feels something is necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable. And in addition. They can convey the strength of these attitudes.

MODAL AUXILIARIES AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

The role of modal auxiliaries :

1. Modal do not take a final – s, even when the subject is he, she, or it
2. Modals are followed immediately by the simple form of a verb.
3. The only exception is ought, which is followed by an infinitive (to + the simple form of a verb)

a)      Modal auxiliaries :

					Can do it Could do it Had better do it May do it Might do it Must do it Ought to do it Shall do it Should do it Will do it Would do it

I

You

They

We

She

He

It

b)      Similar expressions

Be able to do it

Be going to do it

Be supposed to do it

Be to do it

Have to do it

Have got to do it

Used to do it

Modal auciliaries adalah kata kerja bantu yang mempunyai arti dan melengkapi ordinarinya. Penggunaan modal auxiliary dengan tenses yang sudah kita pelajari sebelumnya sangat erat, hanya saja modal auxiliary yang kita pakai terdahulu menggunakan main adxiliary (is, am, are, do, does, have, has, was. Were, did. Had).

Sementara itu penggunaan tenses dengan modal auxiliary juga bisa kita gunakan, hanya saja kita harus berhati-hati dalam tenses, untuk itu yang pertama kita lakukan adalah memahami dan mengenal modal auxiliary terlebih dahulu.

Larangan modal :

1.      Tidak boleh ada tambahan  s/es, ed dan ing

2.      harus bertemu VI (berinficitive)

3.      tidak boleh didahulu ito

4.      tidak boleh bertemu to

5.      modal auxiliary tidak boleh bertemu dengan modal auxiliary.

Contoh salah :

1.      he cans sing every day.

2.      he can sings every day

3.      he wants to can sing every day

4.      he can to sing every day

5.      he must can sing every day.

Contoh benar :

1.      can sing every day

2.      he can sing every day

3.      he wants to be able to sing every day

4.      he can sing every day

5.      he must be able sing every day.

Modal auziliary dilihat dari makna dibagi menjadi dua (the kind of modal) :

1.      spontaneity

2.      conclusion / possibility.

1.      SPONTANITY DI BAGI MENJADI 12 :

No	Modal	Indonesia	English	Similar expression of modal
1	Can	Dapat	Ability	Be able to
2	Must	Harus	Strong obligation, strong necessity	Have to, be to
3	Used To/would + V1	Dulu terbiasa	Past habit	Be used to Ving.
4	Dare	Berani	Bravery	Dare (to Vbi)
5	Can Could May Might Will Would Shall Should	Sudikah/maukah/bolehkah	Polite request (?)	Be allowed to
6	Can Could May Might Should Would Shall	Sudi/mau.boleh	Permission (+)	Be allowed to
7	May	Semoga	Wishes
8	Will	Sudi/mau	Willingness	Be Willing to
9	Should/ought to	Seharusnya;a	Advisability	Be supposed to
10	Could	Sebenarnya bisa	Suggestion
11	Would rather	Lebih suka	Preference	Prefer gerund
12	Need	Perlu	Necessity obligation	Need (Vbi)

2.      Conclusion dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :

A.    Possibility, dibagi menjadi 4

B.     Imposiblity, dibagi menjadi 4

Modal	Indonesia	Percentage
Must	Pasti	95 %
Should / ought to	Kemungkinan besar	90 %
May / might	Mungkin	50 %
Can / could	Mungkin	50 %

B.  Imposiblity

Modal	Indonesia	Percentage
Must	Pasti tidak	95 %
Could can	Tidak mungkin	99 %
Should / ought to	Kemungkinan besar tidak	90 %
May / might	Mungkin tidak	90 %

Modal auxiliaries Are followed by the tenses form

Modal	Simple present	Present continous	Simple past	Past continous
1. can	He can help me every day	Can you help me now?	He could run fast last year	He could teach me math when he was young
2. must	He must study every time	You must help me now	He had to go yesterday	He had to sleep when I left his room
3. used to / would	-	-	I used to eat every morning	-
4. dare	I dare remind him every day	He dare go now	I dared sleep alone 10 years ago	He dared disturb me when my mother was going
5. can Could May Might Will Would Shall Should	-   can you help me every time ? -   could you help me every day ? -   may I visit you every day ? -   might visit you every day ? -   wih you lend me some money ? -   would you lend me some money ? -   shall I pay for the bill ? -   should I pay for the bill ?
6. can Could May Might Would Shall Should	-   you can help me every time -   you could help me every day ? -   you may visit me every day ? -   you might visit me every time “ - - -
7. May	May god bless you	May you be happ now ?
8. Will	Yes, I will	Yes, I Will	-	-
9. Should / Ought to	- He should be on time every day. -  He ought to be on time every day.	- he should sleep now - He ought to sleep now.	-      he should have every day. -      He ought to have left us every day	-      He should have prepared dimmer when come. -      He ought to have prepared dinner when come
10 could	He could do that work every day.	He could do that work now.	He could have done that work yesterday. Stayed at home last week.	-      He could have done that work while he was gong the test
11. Wold rather	I. would rather stay at home every day.	I would rather be staying at home now.	i. would rather have stayed at home last week.	-      I would rather have been staying at home when he asked me to go.
12. Need	He need take rest every time.	He need take a rest now	He need have taken a rest yesterday.	He need have taken a rest when he felt tired yesterday.

Modal	Simple present	Present continous	Simple past	Past continous
1. can	He has been able to finish his work.	He has been able to finish his work.	He had been able to finish his work	He had been able to finish his work
2. must	He has had to finish his work	He has had to  finish his work	He had had to finish his work	He had had to finish his work
3. Used to/would	-	-	he had been used to finish his work	He had been used to finish his work
4. dare	He has dared to finish his work	He has dared to finish his work	He had dared to finis his work	He had dared to finish his work
5.	-	-	-	-
6.	-	-	-	-
7.	-	-	-	-
8. will	He has been willing to finish his work	He has been willing to finish his work	He had been willing to finish his work	He had been willing to finish his work
9.	-	-	-	-
10.	-	-	-	-
11.	-	-	-	-
12.	-	-	-	-

Conclusion (possitility / impossibility)

Modal	Simple present	Present continous	Simple past	Past continous
Must	He must study hard every day	He must be studying hard now.	He must have studied hard last week	He must have been studying hard when I come.
Can / could	He can / could do his activities every day.	He can / could be doing his activities now.	He can / could have done his activities yesterday.	He can / could have been doing his activities when I came yesterday.
Should / ought to	He should / ought not to study hard every day.	He should / ought to be studying hard now.	He should/ought to have studied hard yesterday.	He should / ought to have been studying hard when I came.
May / might	He may / might do his activity every day.	He may / might be doing his activity now.	He may / might have done his adtivity yesterday.	He may / might have been doing his activity when I came yesterday.

The function of modal

From	Kind of modal	Meaning	Tense
Possibility	Must	Pasti	Ps/Pr
	Should Ought to	Kemungkinan besar	Ps/Pr
	May Might Could Can
Impossibility	Can’t Couldn’t	Tidak mungkin	Ps/Pr
	Mayn’t Mightn’t	Mungkin tidak	Ps/Pr
Ability	Can Could Be (was, Were, Is. Am. Are) Able to	Bisa / Dapat	-Pr -Ps -Ps -Pr
Wishes	May May + S + V1	Semoga	- Ft
Necessity	(+) must (+) have to (-) needn’t	Harus Tidak harus	Ps/Pr/I
Advisability	Should Ought to Hed better	Seharusnya ( 1 Nashiat) Lebih baih	- Ps/Pr
Suggestion	Could	Seharusnya	Ps/Pr/I
Habitual action	Used to Would	Dulu terbiasa	Ps
Probilition	Musn’t	Tidak boleh (jangan)	-Pr/F
Preference	Would rather	Lebih suka	Ps/Pr/F
Request	Could, can May, might Will, would shall	Bisakah Bolehkan Maukah Dapatkah	Pr/I
Permission	Could, can May, Might	Bisakah Bolehkah	- Pr/I
Espection	Be To Be Supposed to	Harus Seharusnya	Ps/Pr/F

Semi Modal

Need Need Need	As Subjed As verb As modal	Kebutuhan Membutuhkan Butuh
Dare Dare Dare	As subject As verb As modal	Pantangan Menantang Berani
Can Can Can	As subject As verb As modal	Kaleng Mengalengi Dapat/bisa

CLOSING

CONCLUSION

Ø  Modal Auxiliary is the auxiliary which has meaning and complete the ordinary.

Ø  The Kinds of modal auxiliaries in English are : can, could, had better, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would.

Ø  The functions of modal auxiliaries are :

o   Possibility (kemungkinan) o   Impossibility (ketidak mungkinan) o   Ability (kemampuan) o   Wishes (doa) o   Necessity (keharusan) o   Advisability (anjuran)

o   Suggestion (saran) o   Habitual past (kebiasaan/rutinitas) o   Prohibition (larangan) o   Preference (preferensi/lebih suka) o   Request (permintaan/permohonan) o   Permission (permohonan izin) o   Espeetation (harapan)

SUGGESTION

Modal auxiliary is very important not only in grammar (structure) but also in speaking. For example if we want to write the text of course we need modal auxiliary which is used for completing the ordinary.

So that way we must be able to master and understand the meaning of modal auxiliaries, the kinds of modal auxiliaries and the functions of modal auxiliaries, for making the text and how to speak English well and fruenfly.

Because in eghlish there are two choices between speaking and grammatical so we must try to combine both of them. May these explainings can be useful in our study and Allah SWT oless us good luck for you. 

IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Azer, Betty S. 1989. Understanding and Using English grammar (second edition). New Jersey : prentice hall, inc.

____________ Understanding and Using English grammar (third Edition). New Jersey : prentice Hall, inc.

Echols, John M. And Hasan Shadily. 1989. Kamus Indonesia Inggris, Jakarta : Gramedia.

Murphy, R. 1985. English Grammar in Use, Combridge : Combridge University Press.

Purwati, M. 2005. Engligh for a better life, Bandung : Pakar Raya.

Wijaya. 1989. Fitrah Book (grammar, speaking and vocabularies). Lamongan : Own Published.